Isn’t it weird that we can remember milestones that happened in our lives years ago yet we cannot remember what we had for breakfast just a week ago! Memory is actually amongst the most complex processes of the brain. While most people refer to memory as something that we ordinarily possess the reality is that memory is not something that is physically present rather just a concept that refers to the process involved in the storage and subsequent retrieval of information simply known as remembering. The ability of the human brain to store and retrieve information is extremely important for individuals to function. Imagine how we would function as humans if we were unable to remember the past, how can we even operate in the present? Without memory, we would not only be unable to learn but also fail in processing vast amounts of information. Indeed memories underlie so much of our lives, including the ability to recognize each other. In recent years, researchers have been able to establish that memories are stored in multiple brain structures through neurons and molecules. Probably, the brain has billions of neurons that each typically connects to thousands of other neurons. Nonetheless, the memory process has a series of steps that is initialized from the encoding of information. Encoding starts with the perception which travels to the part of the brain known as the hippocampus. Generally, information flows through networks of the brain and neural circuits that result in strong or weak responses (synapses). The strengthening and weakening of the synapses are how the brain stores information. The mechanism behind memory storage is known as the “long-term potentiation” or “LTP”. Neuroscientists highlight that the frontal cortex along with the hippocampus is responsible for analyzing sensory inputs and deciding whether such information should be stored in the short or long-term memory. However, most scientists believe that memories are held temporarily in the hippocampus after which they are recorded and disseminated throughout the brain through a process known as memory consolidation that typically occurs during sleep. Generally, short-term memory has a limited capacity only capable of holding information for just 20 to 30 seconds at a specific time. After processing the information can either be dispersed or transferred into long-term memory. The precise manner in which long-term memories are represented and structured across multiple synapses is still mysterious. Long-term memories such as behavioral skills are evenly stored throughout the brain using a distributed representation that is highly efficient and redundant. Behavioral skill memories, as well as factual knowledge, are stored in the unconscious and conscious memory. The unconscious memory is responsible for forming memory that we are unaware such as how to ride a bike. Unconscious memory is often had to acquire and more resistant to change. On the other hand, conscious memory stores factual information such as names and dates. Such information is acquired swiftly and also swiftly lost. So then how do we retrieve these memories? Most often when we fail to retrieve the information it is because the information was not encoded in the short and long-term memory. Nevertheless, if we are able to first the memory has to be transferred from the unconscious level of memory storage, then to the conscious level. For instance, if you have been given a list of numbers to remember, then you are asked to retrieve the second on the list, your memory would go through the list as it perceived it then retrieve it. In essence, Studies on memory are still in infancy, little is known about how the memory works at the molecular level, for example, how do the neurons go about coding these messages? source https://essaymojo.com/blog/how-does-the-human-brain-store-and-retrieve-memories/ Via https://essaymojo.tumblr.com/post/658042636638273536
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Before we look at stealth technology, let’s get to the history behind this fascinating and complex technology that hit the modern world of military prowess and supremacy. More often than not, there has been a misconception about the term “stealth” by the public. People have viewed it as a magical phenomenon whereby things are made invincible to the amazing of how technology has evolved. The evolution of stealth technology for aircraft began way before the commencement of World War I. The main idea behind the development of stealth technology was to create an aircraft that was hardly visible. With the discovery of the radar, stealth technology now became more realizable and necessary simply because the radar was exceptionally effective at searching aircraft and would shortly be adapted to controlling antiaircraft missiles and gunnery. Generally, stealth technology in other terms referred to as “low observable technology” is a tactical and passive electronic countermeasure used by the military covering a variety of techniques in aircraft, missiles, submarines, and satellites invisible to radar. This stealth technology coincides with multi-spectral camouflage adopted by the military. Ideally, the evolution of modern time stealth technology in the United States was initiated during the unsuccessful period of the cold war by the Soviet Union to prevent attempts of detecting the then U-2 spy planes. However, the technology behind stealth is that it operates in the principle of eradicating radar reflections. The elimination is done by either absorbing the radio waves (RAM coatings) or the deflection of the radio waves (Shaping of the surfaces). Under stealth technology, the radio waves are electromagnetic in nature with contrasting frequencies. Even so, the techniques of deflection, as well as absorption of electromagnetic waves, supplement one another so as to develop a stealth aircraft. Apparently, the use of radar-absorbent material (RAM) coatings as part of the stealth technology principle entails the application of materials that are absorbent towards the electromagnetic waves on the object. What they do in reference to stealth technology, is absorbing any radio waves that fall on them through multiple diffusions. More precisely, the conversion of radar energy into heat which is then degenerated off the surface of the aircraft causes the absorption. Remarkably, this mechanism forms part of the unclassified ways relating to the materials coatings. As such, to increase the level of absorption of the radio waves, the paint possesses a microscopic pyramidal structure in certain instances. By the pyramid shapes with angles derived from them, enables maximization of the number of bounces a wave makes inside the structure. Each time the wave bounces, it loses energy to the foam materials resulting in lower signal strength. More broadly, stealth technology involves designing in such a manner that the radio waves are reflected back along the same path and spread out in different directions. The Stealth technology principle has been able to achieve this through applying a sharply angled flat surface that conducts the radio wave along its surface and hence no reflection. Incidentally, the angled surfaces are amalgamated with special curved surfaces on the particular types of aircraft which assist to attain a high level of low visibility. Arguably, for stealth technology to attain its perfect functionality, the RAM coating with a combination of the deflecting design is paramount. Generally, the entire stealth technology constitutes a high level of research and testing compared to other conventional aircraft thus the stealth aircraft are very costly. source https://essaymojo.com/blog/how-does-stealth-technology-shield-aircraft-from-radar/ Via https://essaymojo.tumblr.com/post/658042635867602944 Without a doubt, sharks are hunters in so many respects. Apart from the fact that sharks are powerful swimmers, they are equipped with a combination of multiple keen senses; an exceptional sense of smell, sharp eyesight, keen hearing, a sixth sense known as electrosensory perception, sharp teeth as well as incredible speed and powerful hunting skills to reach their prey. Like most predators, sharks also have an inherent fear and they would rather settle on smaller prey than the dangerous ones. Nonetheless, sharks hunting tactics are generally as diverse as the array of sharks. In essence, each separate species of sharks typically has a distinct hunting strategy. For the most part, most sharks use camouflage as well as ambush and stealth tactics to hunt for their prey. The hidden hunters often camouflage in its surroundings waiting for their prey to come within their stretch. After which the hunter opens its mouth whilst the prey is dragged by the current straight into its mouth. The wobbegong shark is such one prey. It is well adapted to its surrounding environment, with an intense patterned body making it hardly visible against the background. Sharks such as the tiger shark and the oceanic whitetip prefer to hunt alone while other sharks like the broad nose seven gills and the hammerhead prefer to hunt in groups especially when hunting for prey that is too large for a single shark to overpower. They encircle their prey such as the fur seal as a group. For instance, the scalloped hammerheads ordinarily swarm in schools of about a hundred sharks or more. The hammerhead has a combination of adaptive features such as a wide head that separates the nasal organs and eyes, which creates a wider field of vision and greater delay time when smelling for potential prey. Most often, the hammerhead sharks swim above their prey, blending with their white underbelly. They swim in circles right above their prey before closing in. The ground hunters such as the nurse shark have very little stamina and mostly reside at the bottom of the sea. Ground hunting sharks eat ground dwellers that are also slow in movement like the crustaceans which the shark can blow or suck from their hiding place. Moreover, the nurse shark is able to create water pressure that is enough to draw a lobster from its shell right into its mouth. Thresher sharks have an extraordinary hunting tactic. They use their extended caudal fins to grab their prey, with quick stuns or thrusts they target the prey’s tails before eating them. The sprint hunter, the maco shark uses a combination of top speed to hunt for its prey. The maco shark can sprint to nearly 70km/h for its prey like the marlins and tuna fish which are also extremely fast. The filter feeders like the megamouth shark, the whale shark, and the giant shark are capable of sucking in the water around 1 M liters of water with flowing planktons. The hunting shark opens its mouth expanding its throat, closes its mouth while contracting its throat, and presses the water in its mouth back into the sea via the gill rakers whilst swallowing the food contained in it. Perhaps the most fascinating hunting strategy is deployed by the Whitetip Reef Shark. During the day the Whitetip Reef Shark sleeps on the sea bed but at night, they go hunting in groups through caves that hold sleeping fish. The Whitetip Reef Shark follows the light of divers to bring sleeping fish out of their hiding places then hunt on them as they rush from all sides. On all occasions when a shark goes in for a fight it uses a combination of speed and violence plus an element of surprise to hunt for its prey. source https://essaymojo.com/blog/17333/ Via https://essaymojo.tumblr.com/post/658042635299225600 A ship or submarine is able to float on water because it displaces the weight of water that is equal to its own weight. The buoyant force acts in opposite direction to that of gravity, which would otherwise make the ship sink. Unlike a ship, a submarine operates independently underwater. A submarine can be able to control its, buoyancy, which in turn helps it sink and float whenever it needs to. The submarine is an innovative engineered watercraft, designed to carry people underwater. Initially, submarines were invented as naval machines deployed in naval operations, though in recent times submarines are deployed as scientific research vessels. Generally, most submarines are used in scientific research underwater. Wide spectrums of submarines exist that extensively differ in capabilities. There is the small autonomous submarine, which carries one or two persons, and can only remain submerged for a few hours; there are others that can remain underwater for up to six months. In essence, submarines can operate at greater depths than are impossible for human divers. Generally, the structure and design of submarines widely differ, though they consist of a cylindrical body with conical shapes and structures located amidships that contain the sensing and communication devices as well as the diving planes. The rear of the submarine has a propeller and a number of hydrodynamic fins. Submarines have positive buoyancy; this means that they weigh less on the water by displacing their own weight. To go underwater, a vessel must control its buoyancy either by increasing or decreasing its own weight displacement in relation to water. To do this, submarines have ballistic tanks that can hold fluctuating amounts of air and water. To be able to submerge or surface, submarine uses the Main Ballistic tanks that are filled with water during submersion and air when surfacing on water. When the submarine is on the surface, submarines are filled with air so that the overall density is lower than of the surrounding water and vice versa. This makes it possible for the submarine to sink or float. Submarines use control tanks or trim tanks to be able to effectively control depth and water density. The diving planes control the speed at which submarine descent on the water. To moderately maintain its depth at any angle, the submarine stabilizes a balance of water and air in the tank so that its overall density is equivalent to that of the water. The rudder on the rear helps steers the submarine while the diving planes help in maintaining the depth of the submarine. A supply of fresh air is maintained in air flasks aboard the submarine to support life inside the submarine and also utilized in ballast tanks. Moreover, the submarine has a pair of movable wings known as hydroplanes that helps in controlling the diving angle. Hydroplanes are angled in a way that water can easily move over the stern, forcing the stern to move upwards, which results in the downward movement of the submarine. To maintain fresh breathing air, oxygen is supplied from pressurized tanks through a computerized system that regulates the amount of oxygen in the submarine. Carbon dioxide is exhaled from the submarine by machines known as scrubbers that use soda-lime to trap carbon dioxide thus eliminating it from the air. A dehumidifier helps remove exhaled moisture to prevent condensation on the interior of the submarine. To maintain a constant supply of freshwater, submarines have equipment that can distill up to 40,000 gallons of fresh water in a day. This water is utilized in cooling machinery to cooking, cleaning, drinking, and showering. Submarines are made of metal, as such they conduct heat from the surrounding water that is cold, and as such submarines have a heating system to maintain temperatures inside it. source https://essaymojo.com/uncategorized/how-do-submarines-work/ Via https://essaymojo.tumblr.com/post/658042634662821888
source https://essaymojo.com/blog/how-the-global-positioning-system-works-gps/ Via https://essaymojo.tumblr.com/post/658042633044770816
source https://essaymojo.com/uncategorized/how-do-computer-viruses-spread-and-in-what-ways-do-they-affect-computers/ Via https://essaymojo.tumblr.com/post/658027534855929856 The longbow we know today has actually been around for years. Initial origins on the same are disputable though it is, mostly attributed to the Welsh and its use extended to England. It is believed that Edward I was the first to witness the massive ramification of weapons in the 1280s when he conquered Wales. Nonetheless, longbows have been at least around since the era of the Neolithic’s and some believe that even the Scandinavians deployed them in battle. The longbow of that time was made from a yew tree and approximately 6 ft. long. Its accompanying arrow was about 3 ft. in length and the tips were customized differently depending on the cavalries, the knights, and the infantry’s needs. For best results, the yew wood had to be cured and prepared for at least four years. Considering the time that was put into designing, the longbows and arrows, it is estimated that it required a draw weight of about 100 lbs to pull the longbow string. The range of longbow is quite indefinite; they depend much on the power of the bow and the arrow plus the accompanying shooter. However, historian’s accounts of Edward III suggest that a professional archer would reach at least 370 meters. In essence, longbows were serious weapons with immense powers. The folklore at the medieval period narrates that the longbow could at least penetrate 4 inches into an oak tree. Recent tests have proved the anecdote, affirming that the longbow could actually even penetrate across a plate armor. The longbow has long-standing history In English military battles, the log bow and other bows dominated the English military warfare and naval battles. But the longbow remained to be amongst the most feared weapons in the middle era, legendarily affected in the English’s one hundred years of the war. Longbows were the basis of English victories in major battles, the battles at Sluys, Poitiers, Crecy, and Agincourt. In the 1340 naval battle of Sluys, English archers devastated French ships by pouring longbow attacks. In the 1340 battle of Sluys, English archers devastated French ships by pouring longbow attacks. In the Poitiers land battle of 1356, the longbow was utilized resulting in the multiple death of Frances knight. In the battle of Crecy, English archers devolved at least 60,000 French soldiers just by using the longbow! At Agincourt, Henry V army defeated the French army by deploying the longbow. Although the role of the longbow in the Agincourt battle has been disputed, overall, the longbow was obviously a substantial military strategy and invention for the English in the medieval period and changed the face of Europe. Longbows were still in use in the 16th century when canons and guns were also invented yet the longbow was still utilized by the English as a leading weapon in warfare. Comparing guns to the longbow, in part sounds hilarious yet the guns in the medieval period frequently exploded on the user and the rate of fire was actually slow. The canons on the other hand could only utilize at least three fires and took much time to reload. At the time grenadiers and arquebusiers began appearing the English still continued in their efforts to encourage archery by insisting on training in both military tactics and archery. The longbow certainly revolutionized the modern militant world. With the ongoing war between the French and the English, each side rushed to invent strategies that changed the face of Europe’s warfare. With the longbow, the English were able to defeat the French and secure their borders. source https://essaymojo.com/blog/how-did-the-long-bow-contribute-to-english-military-dominance/ Via https://essaymojo.tumblr.com/post/658027534549729280 Julius Caesar was born into the patrician class around 100 BC, Caesar was man of multiple talents; intelligent, cultivated, educated and an eloquent speaker. In addition, Julius Caesar was a smart militant; his numerous military campaigns championed his widespread support and popularity among the public and loyalty from his soldiers. Initially unpopular, Julius Caesar officially rose in power around 60 B.C.E becoming a consul by forging alliances with Crassus the wealthy patrician and Pompey Magnus military general. This was a perfect combination; Crassus was the financier, Pompey Magnus provided military support and Caesar; political popularity. Together, the three formed the first Triumvirate a powerful alliance and controlled and dictated the Republic of Rome. However, overtime the triumvirate collapsed. Crassus died in battle and Pompey was fascinated with the idea of ruling Rome without Caesar. All along Caesar was inextricably involved in Gaul’s affairs. After a while, Julius Caesar was able to conquer Gaul in a series of campaigns, bringing it under Rome ruler ship. Meanwhile, in early 49 as Caesars command was drawing to an end, Pompey together with the Senate ordered that Caesar should return to Rome without his army. However, Caesar defied the senate’s order and returned to Rome with his army, marking the rise of the civil war. After years of war, Julius Caesar secured his power with 2 battles in 45 and 46 BC, after which he staged a coup, defeated Pompey and took control of Rome. Although Julius Caesar is often portrayed as a dictator, he still remained popular amongst the republicans. During his rule, Caesar was influential in multiple aspects of the republic of Rome, from politics, war, economics and everyday life of roman citizens. Caesar enacted numerable reforms. He founded many colonies bringing them under Rome’s ruler ship and enlarged the senate’s provincials. When Caesar first came to power, Rome had huge debts that caused poverty. The value of land was high and creditors clamored for their money. There was also lack of a distinct coinage. Caesar intervened, by providing free rent for a year, and limiting the amount of currency that each citizen could keep. In fact, he made a dealing of the public senate by posting their accounts for the publics to read. Caesar cancelled interest payments that were due from the onset of the civil war. Somehow all the efforts relieved the ongoing financial crisis, arguable appeasing both borrowers and lenders. In addition, Caesar eliminated heavy taxes that were levied on farmers and provided land for poor romans in new found colonies. He also decreased the number of slaves while opening citizenship for both slaves and people living in acquired colonies. Caesar also made Rome a cultural haven of beauty and enlightenment, attracting intellects across the empires. Caesar is profoundly remembered for creating the Julian calendar, which is used around the world with just minor adjustments. With such profound power, the senate feared that Caesar planned to make himself a dictator for life. Once in a meeting Julius Caesar, failed to rise up to greet them and also had Cleopatra in Rome as his wife or mistress regardless of the fact that he was married, with such actions the senate felt that Julius Caesar threatened to bring an end to the republic. As such, a group of senators plotted and assassinated Julius Caesar. Caesars rule may have been unremarkable, though his rule replaced a republic ruled by senate and consuls with that ruled by emperors. The senate may have successful ended the reign of Julius Caesar, though they did not realize that the Republic had languished with him. source https://essaymojo.com/blog/how-did-julius-caesar-affect-rome/ Via https://essaymojo.tumblr.com/post/658023776182812672 Joan arc was born in 1412, in Northern France, Domremy as Jeanne d’Arc. She was daughter to a peasant farmer; Jacques d’Arc. Joan of Arc’s was born at a period when France was entangled in a lengthy war with England, the one hundred year of war; disputing over France’s legal heir. Meanwhile, in the mid period of the one hundred year of war, there were two rivals claiming the French throne. One is Henry VI, England’s young king whose forces control Northern France in alliance with the Duchy of Burgundy. The other is Charles VII, rightful king to the throne but considered a weak figure because he was unable to control his rule partly because he suffered from bouts of insanity. Moreover, the 1420 treaty of Troyes, had disinherited Frances bloodline in favor of England’s. In essence, none of the claimants had been coroneted. During this era coronation was remarkably the signature that marked divine appointment to ruler ship. Around this time at the age of thirteen, it is claimed that Joan of Arc started having mysterious visions that encouraged her live piously. As the visions increasingly became vivid over time, Joan of Arc claimed that her visions were usually preceded by great light followed by the presence of Saint, Michael the Arch angel, Saint Catherine and Saint Margaret plus previous queens of France. Apparently, the voices guided her way of life encouraging her to remain a virgin for as long as it shall please God. At the age of 17 Joan of Arc, claimed that the voices had designated her to be Frances’s savior. The voice encouraged her to seek audience with Charles to have him coroneted as the rightful king whilst also finding means to expel the enemies from France. In May 1428, Joan of Arc made her way to Vaucouleurs and contacted the local magistrate, Robert de Baudricourt who was also Charles’s supporter. Initially, Baudricourt refused, Joan of Arcs request, she persisted, and after seeing that Joan of Arc had gained the approval of a band of villagers. Robert de Baudricourt relented, agreeing to her claims as being the virgin who was send to set France free from its enemies. So, Joan of Arc was given a horse plus several soldiers to escort her in an 11 day journey across enemy territories to Charles’s court in Chinon. It is claimed that Joan of Arc dressed in men’s clothes to disguise herself so as to avoid rape. Upon reaching her destination, Charles was uncertain of Joan of Arcs claims, he had clergymen and theologians examine her. He found confidence once the clergymen reported that there was nothing improper with Joan of Arcs except for chastity, humility and piety. Charles granted her request. On March, 1429, Joan of the Arc departed for Orleans, riding a white horse and dressed in white armor. Joan of Arc led hundreds of French assaults against the enemies. In a series of consequent battles spanning between May 4 and May 7, 1429, the French were able to constrain the English taking control of the English fortifications, with the help of Joan of Arc the Burgundians were driven from their bastions. After such victory Joan of Arc reputation circulated far amongst the French. Joan of Arc was able to escort Charles across enemy territory to Reims. Along the way they constrained all the towns that had resisted and had Charles coroneted in July 1429 as King Charles VII. Joan of Arc was captured by the Burgundian in 1430, after she was thrown off her horse in a battle. Joan of Arc was held in captivity for months after which she was sold to the English who tried her for witchcraft and heresy. On May 30th 1431, the tribunal announced that Joan of Arc was guilty of heresy; she was burned at the stake at the age of 19 at the marketplace in in Rouen. Joan of Arc fame spiraled after her death. 20 years later, king Charles VII ordered for a new trial which had her name cleared. In 1920, Joan of Arc was canonized attaining mythic stature. “Homework (as well as business) before pleasure. The sports fans research paper below will be very useful if you are in a hurry to the stadium but still want to get a high grade. Please, don’t copy it, but you are welcome to use at as a template for your own work. source https://essaymojo.com/blog/how-did-joan-of-arc-change-history/ Via https://essaymojo.tumblr.com/post/658020148614184960 Over the last decade, Hip hop has grown as an artistic as well as cultural phenomenon affecting youth culture across the globe. For many youngsters Hip Hop mirrors the social, political, economic, cultural realities and conditions of their lives. As such, Hip Hop communicates to most youth in a manner and language they understand. Given its cogent communication and impact for many youth across the world, hip hop cannot be disregarded as a passing trend. On the contrary, hip hop is a serious cultural movement in music. Broadly characterizing Hip Hop may appear imprecise to some people. In essence Most Hip Hop aficionados relate to at least four fundamental cultures in Hip Hop including break dancing, rapping or emceeing, Disk jockeying and graffiti art. Since its emergence in mid 1970s, throughout the North East and South Bronx, Hip Hop is encircled not only as a musical genre, but also a style of dialect, dressing, language and an overall aesthetic. Like any musical genre hip hop is founded in various forms of music and its transition has over time been shaped by various artists. It is believed that Hip hop was born in 1973, at a birthday party in New York City, West Bronx by the legendary Clive Campbell also known as Dj Kool Herc. It is narrated that DJ Kool Herc was DJing at his sister’s party and altogether he tried a new style of music on the turntable that involved both scratching and breaking on August 11, 1973. This contribution marked the birth of hip hop. Hip Hop resulted in an entire new cultural movement that transitioned the generational thinking from race to politics to art and language. The legend remains simple yet the factors that led to the creation of hip hop culture were a fusion of musical, social and political influences. So it follows that hip hop mapped an entire new consciousness of the people especially the Latinos and Blacks creating value out of places and races that seemingly offered only devastation. In Can’t Stop Won’t Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation, award winning book Jeff Chang indicates that Kool Herc together with Afrika Bambaataa and Grandmaster Flash are the early legendries in hip hops early days. Born and raised in Kingston Jamaica, in early 1970s, DJ Kool Herc at the age of ten began spinning records between sets while his father played bands. Kool Herc’s father had a collection of records and was also a sound technician. Altogether, these helped in propelling Herc’s DJ career. Herc originally began DJing at house parties that helped him develop some vital innovative technicalities. Most Often, Herc imitated the Jamaican style of talking over the record while spinning on the deck. DJ Kool Herc’s innovative signature style advanced from watching the crowd’s reactions to various parts of the music he played. What Kool Herc did was to typically utilize two turntables, in an ordinary DJ setup. Unlike his predecessors who focused on making a smooth transition between music, DJ Kool Herc’s repeatedly switched back and forth between copies that the crowds mostly wanted to hear, this trick DJ Kool Herc’s called it the Merry go round. Today it is referred as the “breaks beat.” Jeff Chang insists that the Kool Herc together with Afrika Bambaataa and Grandmaster Flash are the Hip Hop trio, yet DJ Kool Herc’s is the grandmaster. Jeff Chang insists that had it not been for DJ Kool Herc, right now we wouldn’t even be talking about Hip hop. Today, Hip Hop’s philosophy is an improbable cross between multiple genres; R&B, disco rock, House and rap are all part of hip-hop culture and even Jay-Z’s Kraftwerk. source https://essaymojo.com/blog/how-did-hip-hop-originate/ Via https://essaymojo.tumblr.com/post/658020146973130752 |